Act Of Utilitarianism And Consequentialism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1694 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Ethics Essay Level High school Tags: Utilitarianism Essay Did you like this example? The focus of this paper will be on act utilitarianism and consequentialism. Act utilitarianism defines the morally right act, for a particular situation, as that which produces the greatest overall utility (Burner Raley 337). While consequentialist ethics is defined as a general approach to ethics for which only consequences determine what is morally right or wrong (Burner Raley 339). My source of inspiration for this paper came from the movie Avengers Infinity War. It was particularly the character of Thanos that inspired this paper. I find Thanos actions to align with some of the act utilitarianism and consequentialist ethics. I find that the best theory of moral values is within act utilitarianism. This theory consists of weighing ones actions against the consequences and the utility of the pleasure, happiness, pain, or suffering your actions bring unto you and others affected by the action. When the consequences of something happen to be mixed, the amount of disutility is subtracted from the utility; if the utility is greater, then the resulting utility is still positive (Burner Raley 112). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Act Of Utilitarianism And Consequentialism" essay for you Create order I feel the best question one can ask themselves when following the theory of act utilitarianism is as follows. In my current situation, what is the best course of action right here, right now? An example of this was in my week 5 personal case study. In my personal case study I explained how I completed a DNA test through www.ancestry.com. When I received the results back I found out that my dad wasnt my biological dad. My dad and I already knew that it was a possibility that he wasnt my biological father. I found that the best course of action was to not tell him due to the pain and suffering outweighing the pleasure and/or happiness it would bestow upon him. (White) Act utilitarianism is about making decisions that will produce the greatest overall utility (Burnor Raley 117). The theory will always be looking at how a particular situation affects a group. Recently my daughter had to work with a group of people on a school project. I was notified because her group received a zero on the project for plagiarism. When I spoke to my daughter she stated that one of the members of the group copied and pasted all of the information from a source without providing credit to that source and didnt provide any original thoughts on the subject. She also stated that the member of the group wouldnt show them the work they completed before it was turned in. I spoke to my daughter about the importance of speaking to her teacher if a group member isnt producing their part of the work and the importance of not plagiarizing someone elses work. Her teacher allowed her and another group member who didnt plagiarize to fix the project. The teachers decision to allow the majority of the group to correct the project brought overall utility to the situation by not allowing someone elses decision to reflect badly on the rest of the groups grade. Mills version of utility appears to put quality over quantity when it comes to our experiences (Burnor Raley 114). Lets say one goes to the store and buys one brand named sweater for the price of 3 generic sweaters. The brand named sweater is made of cashmere and the generic sweater is made of polyester. The generic sweaters are itchy and they only last a quarter of the time that one brand name sweater lasts. Mills view would be that, one should buy the brand named sweater due to the utility it brings to one. It will bring the most utility to one due to its fabric quality and longevity when compared to the generic sweater. Happiness, pleasure, pain, and suffering are all brought to light in this next case study. It is the case study that inspired this essay. In the movie Avengers: Infinity War, the character Thanos wants to wipe out half the population to end starvation and to prevent the destruction of planets by collecting 6 infinity stones. Gamora, Tony Stark, Thor, Dr. Strange, and many other Marvel characters are attempting to stop Thanos from wiping out half the population. According to Gamora, Thanos wants to bring balance to the universe, just as he thinks he brought balance to her home planet when she was a child by killing her mother and half the population (Russo Russo, Avengers Infinity War, 2018). Thanos states, It was a small price to pay for salvation, people were starving and now they know nothing by full bellies and clear skies (Russo Russo, Avengers Infinity War, 2018). Thanos goes on to state, The universe is finite and its resources finite, if life is left unchecked it will cease to exist (Russo Russo, Avengers Infinity War, 2018). Gamora states, You dont know that! and Thanos responds by saying, I am the only one that knows that or at least Im the only one with the will to act on it (Russo Russo, Avengers Infinity War, 2018). During a conversation with Tony Stark, Thanos reveals the decimated planet they are on was once his home planet. Thanos talks about how his planet and the people on it were starving and he gave a solution that would consist of a wiping out half of the people on his home planet with a random, passionate, fair, killing of the rich and poor alike (Russo Russo, Avengers Infinity War, 2018). His people called him a mad man (Russo Russo, Avengers Infinity War, 2018). His mission to collect all 6 infinity stones. During a conversation with Dr. Strange, Thanos talks about with all six stones and the snap of Thanos fingers it can all cease to exist and he calls that mercy. Thanos states, The hardest choices require the strongest will (Russo Russo, Avengers Infinity War, 2018). Then there would be no more starvation or planets on the brink of destruction. If you havent seen the movie the next part is a spoiler alert. After some more fighting Thanos collects all of the infinity stones and snaps his fingers just as Thor is attempting to kill him. Upon the snapping of his fingers goes to an alternate reality where Gamora is still a little girl. Gamora asks, Did you do it? Thanos replies, Yes. She then asks, What did it cost? He responds by saying, It cost everything. (Russo Russo, Avengers Infinity War, 2018). In this case study I found that Thanos actions would be the right course of action. When I look at the utility I find that there are two scenarios to consider. The first being that Thanos doesnt wipe out half of the population. If this happens the universe will cease to exist at some point in the future. The second scenario is that Thanos wipes out half of the population so that everyone doesnt die. If we continue to take from universe but sacrifice nothing in return to help it grow there will eventually be nothing left to take. Look at it this way, I grow watermelons and take one from my garden to eat. Now imagine this is my source of food to stay alive. Now I can make one of two choices. The first choice being to plant the seeds to grow more watermelons. The second choice would be to carelessly throw the seeds in the trash. If I continue to throw the seeds in the trash at some point my resources are going to run out and I will starve to death. The overall utility here would be to continue to plant the watermelon seeds to sustain my life. With act utilitarianism we find that it justifies bad actions to produce good results. The theory says its okay to lie to your loved one so you dont hurt them. Its okay to not hold a student accountable when they should have come forward when their partner was not producing the required work for the group project and not teach them a lesson about accountability. Finally its okay to sacrifice half of the universe so the entire universe wont cease to exist. This theory does allow for some pain and suffering. However, we find with this theory that there can be less pain and suffering. No matter what morals we have we all have to make decisions throughout our lives. We never know the true results of the action until after it is taken. It can take years for one action to have an influence. It is apparent that act utilitarianism can allow for any action to be deemed moral depending on the circumstances. The objectivity of this theory is just one of its advantages. This theory takes into account the effects of our choices. It weighs the pleasures and happiness against the pain and suffering an action has the potential to cause. As shown in my case studies, it is better to not tell my dad that his isnt biologically related to me because it wouldnt bring him any happiness or pleasure. It allows was the correct action of my daughters teacher to not punish her or the other person in her group for an act another member of the group committed. Finally, we see one of the most difficult choices one may have to make in deciding the fate of the universe. It is better to have life than no life at all. If we have the power to let the universe live or die, we should allow the universe to live as long as the sacrifice doesnt bring about disutility. In this case, I found that by wiping out the half the population did bring utility. With the population before the wipe out the resources of the universe would cease to exist. The utility is brought in by allowing the universes resources to be sustainable again and therefore allowing life to continue. Since it didnt bring disutility then wiping out half of the population is the correct action. There are going to be times in our lives where we will be required to make sacrifices that cause ourselves pain and displeasure but, if you know the action will bring about far better circumstances then the action was worth the pain and displeasure.

Fossil Fuel Consumption Vs. Time - 2038 Words

Non-renewable resources are energy sources that, in modern society, are consumed faster than the rate at which nature produces them. Fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas, take centuries to form, whilst crude oil takes millions of years to form. These resources are finite and over time, it is believed they will cease to exist (Carty, 2013). The production, use and maintenance of vehicles can significantly impact the environment through the use of these non-renewable resources such as metals, petroleum and other fossil fuels (depending on what the vehicle consumes) (Royal Automobile Club, 2013). The rate at which these recourses are being used is also increasing, partly due to the increase in global population, as shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1 - Fossil Fuel Consumption vs. Time (Dunn, 2004) Production of these resources also causes damage to the environment. This can be either through the damage caused by the extraction of the resource or the disposal of them at the end of their life span (Royal Automobile Club, 2013). The drilling and extraction of oil is quite complex and can leave numerous opportunities for error or accidents. Contamination is eminent via the large waste pits, often left unlined and open affecting many of the surrounding water sources. Flames from burning the natural gas found in oil fields also cause significant air pollution. Oil spills, accidents and illegal dumping of oil barrels lead to devastating ecological and health consequences that canShow MoreRelatedBiofuels Vs. Fossil Fuels1622 Words   |  7 Pages Biofuels vs. Fossil Fuels (David Ross, 2005) Carbon dioxide, the chief byproduct of fossil fuel combustion, is a potent greenhouse gas that remains in the atmosphere indefinitely. In the U.S., the burning of coal for electricity pumps more than 2.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year, according to the Energy Information Administration. People ask what about the cars? How do they affect the environment? The average American passenger car spits out 11,450 pounds ofRead MoreSwitzerland Is Best Known For Their Cheese, Chocolate And Watches1126 Words   |  5 Pagesreducing energy consumption, broadening electricity supply, maintaining electricity imports, strengthening energy research, and encouraging international cooperation. Due to their monumental use of renewable energy, the Swiss Energy Program is effective by increasing energy efficiency through their implementation of CO2 Act, Nuclear Phase-out plan, and Energy Strategy 2050. Switzerland vs United States Energy Use In the United States, the main sources of energy materializes from fossil fuels, which includesRead MoreEssay about The Rising Cost of Fossil Fuels1576 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of burning fossil fuels. Americans are also looking for new ways to save move. Over the past 30 years, rising cost of fuel as forced many people to reconsider current and future financial plans. What type of vehicle to drive, possible carpooling plans, even acceptance of new jobs based on the logistics of their current home and as well as the finding of a new home based on current employment. With these factors in mind, Americans are now looking for alternatives to fossil fuels to save both theRead More Renewable vs Nonrenewable Resources Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesRenewable vs Nonrenewable Resources The United States has 4% of the worlds people, but as a country consumes 25% of the worlds oil. The U.S. and Western Europe are obsessed with a standard of living that is reliant on energy consumption maintained by the burning of fossil fuels. These nonrenewable resources continue to be depleted, despite the fact that solar power, wind power, hydropower, biomass, and many other renewable resources are available and accessible. The switch to these renewablesRead MoreFossil Fuels And Its Effects On Our World1573 Words   |  7 PagesFossil fuels have been a big discussion in today’s world due to the pollution they have been causing on the earth. Fossil fuels have been creating energy for the world for so many years. Fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coals used every day by almost every American. We use it to travel, to keep us warm, to cook our food, and many other everyday activities, but we don’t know the harm it is doing to the world. Thanks to Media today we are starting to realize the damage fossil fuel is causingRead MoreBiofuels : A Clean Alternative For Fossil Fuels?1737 Words   |  7 Pagesalternative to fossil fuels? Biofuels, like fossil fuels are hydrocarbons made from a living or once lived organism that humans can use to power something and uses biological carbon fixation, a process that takes inorganic carbon and converts it into organic compounds (Wikipedia). However, unlike fossil fuels, which can take millions of years to form, biofuels are produced in a short period of time such as days, weeks, or months. Because humans have been burning fossil fuels for over a centuryRead MoreEssay on The Earths Carrying Capacity for Humans1438 Words   |  6 Pagescapacity for humans1. Population size and consumption can create stress on the environment through resources and social systems so that the quality of life declines. However some believe that resources can be created by humans and not all need to be replaced and reinvented once depleted, so resource availability may not be declining after all2. Although population growth increases economic growth in further investments of natural and renewable resources, consumption, increased population and limiting factorsRead MoreEssay Biodiesel vs. Ethanol1076 Words   |  5 PagesBiodiesel vs. Ethanol Both biodiesel and ethanol are derivatives of biomass that have been processed to create a liquid biofuel. Both types of biofuels have been touted as secure and environmentally safe alternatives to fossil fuels, however the research verifying these claims is extensive but often contradicting. In the following paper, the efficiency and quality of the two types of biofuel will be discussed. The effects of variables such as source materials and production techniques on efficiencyRead MoreEssay On The World In 20501215 Words   |  5 Pagesthe goal set by the Paris Agreement, to keep warming well below +2ËšC (relative to pre-industrial temperatures), requires implementing policies that allow people the autonomy to be creative, enjoy life, and do what they desire to do, while at the same time, limiting the amount of global warming (â€Å"Energy,† 2017). The issue: Implementing policies that will successfully meet the goal set by the Paris Agreement and the world’s energy needs while simultaneously resulting in minimal infringement on people’sRead MoreImpact Of Climate Change Policy On Employment Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesglobal warming. In 2013, 81.2% of the energy consumption in the world are produced by fossil fuel (International Energy Agency). Could you imagine how much greenhouse gases are produced? Ever since 1980s, scientist has found that the emission of the greenhouse gases is the major factor contributes to the global warming, which intensify the climate change that the human civilization may collapse one day. In the book This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, the author Naomi Klein describes

The “hongs” or Trade Houses of Hong Kong Free Essays

Hong Kong, the pearl of Asia has been the center of trade and finance in Asia since the early 20th century. In a short history of about 150 years, Hong Kong has become the source of growth for many nearby economies. In a certain sense, it can be even said that it is a merchant city founded and managed by Traditional â€Å"hongs† or trade houses of Hong Kong were the pillar of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The â€Å"hongs† or Trade Houses of Hong Kong or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jardine Matheson and Hutchison were major hongs that led the economy and the Hong Kong Shanghi Bank were the financier of these hongs and has today grown to become one of the largest bank in the world. These firms were the critical factors of the growth for Hong Kong’s economy. Their role however has changed overtime. They are no longer the de facto leaders of Hong Kong as they were in the mid 1800’s. Their role has diminished as Hong Kong grew to become more international, and the 1997 handover to the People’s Republic of China has further altered their position. Some hongs that adapted well to the changing times prospered while others either The territory of Hong Kong is located at the mouth of the Pearl River, a little southwest of the Guangdong Province of the PRC. Hong Kong was ceded to the British after the Opium War in 1842. Many believe that the British hongs were behind lobbying the British government into fighting the Chinese Government and the settlement of the island. Kowloon was annexed in 1860, and the New territories were leased for 99 years in 1898. In 1984, the British and the PRC government agreed that Hong Kong as a whole would return to Chinese soverienty in 1997. However, a system of one country two systems were also agreed upon where Hong Kong would retain its status as a free port, with it’s laws remaining unchanged for 50 years. It’s main mphasis is to preserve Hong Kong’s laws and economic freedom, thus to enhance the position of Hong Kong as a economic center. The Large British owned hongs were originally trade and warehouse companies established by the British in the early days of Hong Kong colonialism, they have since grown in to major commerical conglomerates. They hold interest in cargo handling, manufacturing, real estate, and even retailing. They are the engine of the Hong Kong economy. Since Britain took over the port city in 1842 to use as a gateway to the Chinese markets, the business of Hong Kong had been business, and the power was eld by the hongs. The first traditional hong was the Jardine Matheson. It was once seen to be more influential than the colonial government but nowadays it has become a minor player compared to Li Ka Shing’s Hutchision Whampoa. Li Ka Shing, the Chairman or â€Å"Taipan† of Hutchision Whampoa, became the first Chinese to own a traditional hong. Li’s drive and business ability helped foster Hutchision into a global conglomerate. Hong Kong Bank grew from a small trader’s bank into one of the Jardine, Matheson Co. was founded by 2 Scottish merchants, William Jardine and James Matheson in Guangdong in 1832. It was an opium trader that were the pioneers into the China trade. Eventually James Matheson takes control from 1836. It played a key role in the founding of Hong Kong and became the first to purchase land from the colonial government in 1842. Jardine expanded into other trade products in other Asian countries like Japan and South East Asian countries and also enters the ship/cargo handling industry and the real estate business. After World War II, Jardine moved their head office from Shanghi back to Hong Kong and it offically goes public in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 1961. The 1970’s saw Jardine orming many ventures and aquisitions such as the joint venture with the Robert Fleming of UK to create the Jardine Fleming Co. , a holding company the aquires many foreign and local firms and diversifies Jardine’s business. The mid- 1980’s saw some mismanagments and misguided aquisition especially after the 1984 Sino-British announcement on the return of Hong Kong. Jardine wanted to diversify more abroad in fear of the Chinese takeover because their relations with the PRC was not good. It aquired the British construction giant Trafalgar House and ther various retail chains in Europe o that Jardine could emphasize more in Europe, but these investments would turnout to be disappointing in the future. The current taipan, or CEO is Alasdair Morrison. He has tried to undo many past mistakes and to rejuvenate the 160 year old hong. Morrison has sold off many losing companies and has a greater emphasis on profitability. The management has been changed to more aggresive and experienced managers such as Ronald J. Floto who previously worked as Kmart Corp. and is known for his turn-around ability. But most importantly, Morrsion has been trying to improve ties with Beijing. He realises that the China market as an indespenable location and has tried repeatly to mend the differences made by the previous Today, the Jardine Matheson group is a multinational enterprise that operates in over 30 countries and employs some 160,000 people. It is divided into eight core companies : Jardine Pacific(general trading), Jardine International Motors(Car dealership), Jardine Fleming, Jardine Lloyd Thompsion(Insurance), Jardine Strategic, Dairy Farm(supermarket and convenience stores), Hong Kong Land(Commerical property), and the Mandarin Oriental(luxury hotel chain) . Last year’s sales were US$11. 2 billion and a operating profit of US$190 million was made. The profits fell 34% from last year, and share prices have fallen almost 60% since it moved its primary listing from Hong Kong to Singapore. The main problem with Jardine is that it needs to use its large cash resources to boost market shares in existing profitable businesses and make aquistions in core business while assests in Asia are still cheap from the Asian crisis. It also needs to refocus on Asia, because it is where it’s main expertise and connections are, but the controlling family, the Keswicks with nly a 4. 9% share are reluctant to invest heavily back to Asia and especially China. The Keswicks have held control through cross ownership to build a financial defense against hostile takeovers. Li Ka Shing has tried but failed to take over Jardines in 1988 but many still believe that Li has not given up but is rather waiting for an opportunity. Although the current taipan, Morrison is trying to shape up Jardine again, many are doubtful as long as the Keswicks still retain the controlling shares. Jardine Matheson has had a astonishing past, but many fear that the golden days of the past John D. Hutchison Company was founded in 1828. Being one of the first major traditional hongs in Hong Kong, it had made vast investments in port facilities and other infrastructure projects in the colony. In the 1960’s, in an effort to revitalize the hong, John Douglas Clague, the last British CEO of Hutchision made huge investments in not only in Hong Kong but It reoragnized itself to the Hutchision International and up til the early 1970’s, many believed that Hutchision would indeed make a comeback as a dominant firm in the colony. However, losses started to occur from 1973, and being overstretched and hort in liquidity it lost the favors from its investors and creditors(most importantly the Hong Kong Shanghi Bank). Eventually the Hong Kong Bank would step in to take up 33% of Hutchision International and within 2 years merge with a subsidary, the Whampoa Dock Company and create the Hutchision Whampoa. Hong Kong Bank was looking for a suitable investor to take over the pre-opium war hong and eventually they chose a rising real estate tycoon, Li Ka Shing. There are many reasons that Hong Kong Bank chose Li Ka Shing, but two reasons stand out the most, His reputation as a honest nd able businessman and his contacts with the government in Today, Hutchison Whampoa has grown into one of Hong Kong’s largest blue chip companies with over 70,000 employees worldwide. The Group operates five core businesses : Property Development and Investment, Ports and related services, Retailing and manufacturing, Telecomminications and Media, and Hutchison Whampoa Property develops residential and commerical properties for sale and lease. Its portfolio includes some of Hong Kong’s largest private housing projects and several landmark developments in the Mainland. The group’s expertise in port investment and management stems form its pioneering operations in Hong Kong. Its port operations arm, Hutchison International Port Holdings, is now exporting its professional experience and expertise to ports in different Watsons operates three of Asia’s most innovative retail chains:Park’N Shop supermarkets, Watson’s personal care stores, and Fortress, selling domestic electrical appliances. The manufacturing division produces and distributes a wide range of food and beverages throughput Hong Kong, the mainland and other Hutchison Telecom operates a wide range of intregrated elecommunications services worldwide and is one of the world’s major providers of mobile communications The Group has major shareholding in Cheung Kong Infrastructure, which holds interests in infrastructure and related businesses, and power plant projects such as the Hong Kong Electric. It is the sole supplier of electricity to Hong Kong Island. Husky Oil, is one of Canada’s largest privately owned oil and gas For the fiscal year ending in December 31 1998, The Hutchison Whampoa Group had a net profit after tax of HK$8. 7 billion. It was lower than HK$12. 2 billion from 1997. The Asian crisis which rought on pressures on the entire Asian region. It experienced a period of unprecedented asset and price deflation coupled with severe recessionary conditions. These conditions had the hardest impact on the Property/Development and Retail/manufacturing operations of the group in 1998. Li Ka Shing’s another main weapon in Asian business is his strong ties to the Chinese Government. He has been favored since being the first Chinese to take over a western hong in the late 1970’s. He also played a large role in the transition period for the `97 handover of Hong Kong. Currently he has a trong influence in the policies that effect Hong Kong both through his contacts with Beijing and the Chief executive, Tung Headquartered in London, HSBC holdings is one of the world’s largest banking and financial services organizations. The HSBC Group’s international network comprises more than 5,000 offices The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hong Kong and Shanghi Banking Coporation limited. Hong Kong Bank, as it is known for short, was established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between China and Europe. The inspiration behind the founding of the bank was Thomas Sutherland, a Scot who was then working as the Hong Kong Superintendent of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. He realised that there was considerable demand for local banking facilities in Hong Kong and the China coast and he helped to establish the bank in March 1865. Then, as now, the bank’s headquarters were at 1 Queen’s Road in Hong Kong and a branch was opened in April 1865 in Shanghai. Throughout the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, the bank established a network of agencies and branches based mainly in China and South East Asia but also with epresentation in the Indian sub-continent, Japan, Europe and North America. In many of its branches the bank was the pioneer of modern banking practice. From the outset, trade finance was a strong feature of the bank’s business with bullion, exchange and merchant banking also playing an important part. Additionally, the bank also issued notes in many locations throughout the Far During the Second World War the bank was forced to close many of its branches and the head office was temporarily moved to London. However, after the war the bank played a key role in the reconstruction of the Hong Kong economy and set about further iversifying the geographical spread of the bank. The post-war political and economic changes in the world forced HongkongBank to analyse its strategy for continued growth in the 1950s. The bank diversified both its business and its geographical spread through acquisitions and alliances. However, the bank remained committed to its historical markets and played an important part in the reconstruction of Hong Kong where its branch network continued to expand. In 1965 the bank purchased a controlling interest in Hang Seng Bank, which had been established in Hong Kong in 1933. By the 970s the policy of expansion by acquisition of subsidiaries with their own identities and specialisations was firmly in During the 1980s the bank concentrated on moving into those markets where it was not yet fully represented. Hongkong Bank of Canada was established in 1981 and HongkongBank of Australia Limited in 1986. In 1987 Marine Midland Bank, based in New York State, became a wholly owned member of the Group and its principal subsidiary in the United States. HSBC Holdings plc, the parent company of the HSBC Group, was established in 1991 with its shares quoted on both the London and Hong Kong stock Already almost two years have passed since the handover Hong Kong to the PRC. It is hard to judge the impact of the handover to the Hong Kong economy, due to the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. What is definite however is that Hong Kong has suffered a difficult 1998 and is still in the process of recovering. The good news is that the fallen prices of 1997 got rid of a lot of the bubbles that was being accumulated in the territory. Large landowners like Li may have had some losses but 1999 saw the economic prices and activities picking up again. Many say that the worst is over and that recover is in process. Already land prices have recovered a lot of its losses during the 1997-8 The problem in the territory is more a political one. Many incidents have brought attention to the problem of implementing the â€Å"one country, two system† policy, which is fundamental in the Hong Kong Basic Law and which will guarntee the independent governing of Hong Kong. The main attraction that has made Hong Kong what it is today is it’s efficiency and lassie faire approach of the government. If the mainland interferes too much in Hong Kong, it status will decline as the international free port city that has made it so prosperous. How to cite The â€Å"hongs† or Trade Houses of Hong Kong, Essay examples